
Podcast 05|Gao Mingxuan and Chinese Criminal Law: Four Elements vs. Three Tiers
Gao Mingxuan, a towering figure in Chinese criminal law, died on February 26, 2026, aged 98. Beginning with his role in drafting the PRC's first criminal code, this episode unpacks the long debate between the four-element and three-tier theories of crime—and asks how state penal power should be exercised and citizens' rights protected.



